In the old film days it was common to have a camera come with a 50mm lens. This focal length gives you nearly the same field of view as the human eye.
Because a fixed focal-length lens isn't commonly included with a camera these days, a 50mm is often an early purchase choice for many photographers. These lenses are normally inexpensive, small, lightweight, and have a fast aperture (f/1.8 is not unusual, and if you're willing to spend more you can go as fast as f/1.2), making them ideal for shooting in low-light situations.
The standard range goes up to 90mm, which is a popular length for portrait work due to the flattering way it portrays the subject's face without distortion and the unobtrusive working distance it allows between camera and subject.
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